Joining a group therapy session can feel intimidating at first. You’re stepping into a space with people you don’t know, sharing parts of yourself that may feel vulnerable, and trusting the process to help you grow. That’s where understanding the stages of group therapy becomes so valuable.
The stages give you a roadmap of what to expect — from the initial introductions, to moments of conflict, to the deeper connections that form as the group grows. Knowing these stages helps you see that every step, even the uncomfortable ones, has a purpose in building trust, creating safety, and encouraging personal growth.
For people in recovery or working through mental health challenges, this understanding can be especially reassuring. It reminds you that the ups and downs you experience in a group are normal, expected, and part of the healing process.
What Are the Stages of Group Therapy?
There are typically five stages of group therapy, each offering different benefits and challenges depending on the type of group being facilitated and its purpose. The group therapy stages of development include:
Forming
Group therapy stages of development begin with the forming stage. During this stage, individuals come together to form a group and learn about each other. In this stage, members need to establish trust, develop relationships, and build understanding between one another to increase their potential for being successful in the group setting.
The forming stage typically consists of introductions and socialization among group members. Providers may use icebreakers and other group therapy activities to help members become comfortable with each other. At this time, counselors will start to set expectations for the group regarding topics that can be discussed, appropriate behaviors for the space, and confidentiality rules among participants.
Storming
The storming stage of group therapy involves the process of participants beginning to challenge each other and express differences in opinion or approach. This process can be uncomfortable for some, as it involves pushing beyond comfort zones to establish relationships and set boundaries. During the storming stage, there may be disagreements between members which could lead to feelings of tension or hostility. The group leader must step in at this time to ensure that any conflicts are handled respectfully and constructively.
By the end of the storming stage, it is essential that all members feel heard, respected, and safe in their group environment.
Norming
The norming stage occurs when group members become comfortable with each other and begin to trust one another enough to share authentic emotions and experiences. During this period, group members discuss topics related to their shared issues, learn about each other’s perspectives and create a sense of safety within the group setting. This stage of development also includes establishing boundaries and expectations among group members, so they may feel free to engage in meaningful conversation without fear or judgment.
Performing
The performing stage of group therapy is typically reached 4-6 months after the beginning stages. During this phase, members become comfortable in their roles within the group and are better able to communicate openly with each other. At this point, members are also more likely to feel comfortable enough to give honest feedback and respond sincerely to constructive criticism from fellow members.
During the performing stage, members take ownership of their roles in the group process and can better identify how their own behavior affects others in the group. This creates an environment in which members can role-play scenarios related to their individual issues or practice healthy communication techniques with each other.
Adjourning
At the beginning of the adjourning stage, members will contemplate what they have learned and experienced while in the group and their expectations for moving forward with life after leaving the group. Group members might also reflect upon what skills they have acquired or used to assist them in meeting their goals. In this stage, the therapist needs to allow each member to express their feelings about leaving the group, including potential sadness or resentment at having to say goodbye.
The therapist will typically facilitate a discussion on how best to stay connected beyond their time in group therapy as well. This can include strategies such as creating an alum network or developing ways for former members to support each other’s successes.
Do All Groups Go Through These Stages in Order?
Not every group will move through the stages in a straight line. While the five stages of group therapy provide a helpful framework, each group develops at its own pace. Some groups may move quickly through the forming stage, while others spend more time building trust. It’s also common for groups to revisit earlier stages, especially storming, when new challenges come up or when new members join. What matters most is not moving through the stages in a perfect order, but allowing the group to grow, build trust, and support one another along the way.
How Long Do Each of the Group Therapy Phases Last?
The length of each phase can vary widely depending on the group’s purpose, the members involved, and how often the group meets. The forming stage is usually the shortest, often lasting just a few sessions while members get to know one another. The storming stage can last longer, especially if the group is working through conflicts or learning how to communicate effectively.
Norming and performing tend to be the longest phases, as this is when members feel safe, build trust, and do the deeper work of therapy. The adjourning stage is usually brief, focusing on reflection and closure, but its impact can last well beyond the group itself.
How Long Does It Usually Take to Move Through All Five Stages?
The amount of time depends on the type of group and its purpose. Short-term groups that focus on specific goals may move through all five stages within a few weeks. Ongoing groups, such as those used in addiction recovery or long-term mental health treatment, may take months to fully develop. What’s important is that each stage serves its purpose — whether it’s building trust, working through conflict, or preparing for closure — so that members get the most out of the group therapy experience.
Using Group Therapy To Its Full Potential at Northpoint Recovery
At Northpoint Recovery, we understand how important it is for individuals to find supportive communities during times of need. Our team works hard to create safe healing spaces through our unique group therapy approach.
Our experienced facilitators strive to ensure each individual gets the most out of every session by guiding discussions appropriately while allowing enough room for meaningful connections between members. For more information on the types of group therapy and stages we incorporate, reach out to our team today.
